APA Style (7th Edition)

This APA style guide last revised: 2/20/2024

Looking for the print copy of the APA Manual? Check out from NMU Olson Library Reserves @ the Public Services Desk. Just ask for the title. Available for either 2-hour or 1-week checkout. 

On this APA style Guide, all referrals to the  Manual  is for the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition, © 2020.

The 7th edition APA style Manual was released Oct. 1, 2019, along with their new official APA style website.

Note: Examples and resources on this guide were developed to help the student or professional researcher--as they are responsible for preparing content which complies with APA style.

NOTES: 

Works with 1-20 authors: List all authors.

Works with 21 or more authors: List first 19, an ellipse, then the last author.

Provide issue numbers for all periodicals which use issue numbers (regardless whether continuously paginated or each issue begins with page 1).

New format for the assigned DOI

In APA 7th edition, the format of the DOI begins with either https://doi.org/xxxx
or http://doi.org/xxxx
where xxxx refers to the DOI number.

Although the format of the DOI has changed over time, for example beginning with https://dx.doi.org/ or even doi: or DOI: before the number, researchers are advised to use the APA 7th edition format standard of beginning the DOI entry as: https://doi.org/ 
or http://doi.org/

Remember: you are applying APA style rules to the source, not changing APA style format according to what the source indicates/suggests.

See Manual, Section 9.35, pp. 299-300 for further details.

NOTES:    

Please verify DOI format with journal author guidelines before submission.

APA 7th ed. Rule 9.25: Include the issue number for all periodicals which have issue numbers

Some online-only journals use publication year as volume number. For those references, provide year in both publication date, and volume number positions.

When a DOI is assigned, it does not matter whether article was retrieved online or print version.   
 

Journal Article

  • Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A model for the study of addictions in youth. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20(4), 580-588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881105058776   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Wilens & Biederman, 2006)   
    Narrative: Wilens and Biederman (2006)   
    Direct quote: (Wilens & Biederman, 2006, p. 581)

Journal Article with 3 through 20 authors. List all authors (note 7th ed. change for in-text citations)

  • Weich, C., Jensen, R. L., & Vieten, M. (2019). Triathlon transition study: Quantifying differences in running movement pattern and precision after bike-run transition. Sports Biomechanics, 18(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2017.1391324   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Weich et al., 2019)   
    Narrative: Weich et al. (2019)   
    Direct quote: (Weich et al., 2019, p. 216)

Journal Article, 21 or more authors (list first 19, ellipse, last author)

  • Janda, M., Gebski, V., Davies, L. C., Forder, P., Brand, A., Hogg, R., Jobling, T., Land, R., Manolitsas, T., Nascimento, M., Neesham, D., Nicklin, J. L., Oehler, M. K., Otton, G., Perrin, L., Salfinger, S., Hammond, I., Leung, Y., Sykes, P., ... Obermair, A. (2017). Effect of total laparoscopic hysterectomy vs total abdominal hysterectomy on disease-free survival among women with stage I endometrial cancer: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 317(12), 1224–1233. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.2068   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Janda et al., 2017)   
    Narrative: Janda et al. (2017)   
    Direct quote: (Janda et al., 2017, p. 1224) 

Journal Article which provides an article number or eLocator in place of page numbers. Note: For these types of articles, 7th ed. no longer provides page numbers from PDF in reference.    
Instead, APA prefaces the "page number" section with (capitalized): Article   
followed by the number.

Some (but not all) publishers prefix the article number/eLocator with a lower-case letter "e".    
The issue number was provided.

  • Monroy, C., Shafto, C., Castellanos, I., Bergeson, T., & Houston, D. (2019). Visual habituation in deaf and hearing infants. PLoS ONE, 14(2), Article e0209265. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209265   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Monroy et al., 2019)   
    Narrative: Monroy et al. (2019)   
    Direct quote:  (Monroy et al., 2019, p. 4)

Journal Article published by BMC or others which provides an article number or eLocator in place of page numbers, and no issue number was provided. Note: For these types of articles, 7th ed. no longer provides page numbers from PDF in reference, but does include such for direct quotation.    
Instead, APA prefaces the "page number" section with (capitalized): Article   
followed by the number.

  • Norris, E., Shelton, N., Dunsmuir, S., Duke-Williams, O., & Stamatakis, E. (2015). Virtual field trips as physically active lessons for children: A pilot study. BMC Public Health, 15, Article 366. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1706-5   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Norris et al., 2015)   
    Narrative: Norris et al. (2015)   
    Direct quote: (Norris et al., 2015, p. 6)

JoVE journal article which provides an article number or eLocator in place of page numbers, and issue number but no volume number provided. Note: For these types of articles, 7th ed. no longer provides page numbers from PDF in reference, but does include such for in-text citation of direct quotation.    
Instead, APA prefaces the "page number" section with (capitalized): Article   
followed by the number.

  • Sawatani, F., Tamatsu, Y., Ide, K., Azechi, H., & Takahashi, S. (2022). Utilizing a reconfigurable maze system to enhance the reproducibility of spatial navigation tests in rodents. Journal of Visualized Experiments, (190), Article e64754. https://doi.org/10.3791/64754   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Sawatani et al., 2022)   
    Narrative: Sawatani et al. (2022)   
    Direct quote: (Sawatani et al., 2022, p. 10)

Journal Article which provides an article number or eLocator in place of page numbers, and journal uses publication year for volume number.    
Note: For these types of articles, 7th ed. no longer provides page numbers from PDF in reference, but does include for in-text citation of direct quotation.    
Instead, APA prefaces the "page number" section with (capitalized): Article   
followed by the number.

No issue number was provided.  

  • Lawrence, J. E., Patel, A. S., Rovin, R. A., Belton, R. J., Bammert, C. E., Steele, C. J., & Winn, R. J. (2014). Quantification of protoporphyrin IX accumulation in glioblastoma cells: A new technique. ISRN Surgery, 2014, Article 405360. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/405360   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Lawrence et al., 2014)   
    Narrative: Lawrence et al. (2014)   
    Direct quote: (Lawrence et al., 2014, p. 3)

Journal Article, combination of individual and group authors

  • Toland, A. E., Brody, L. C., & BIC Steering Committee. (2019). Lessons learned from two decades of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic testing: The evolution of data sharing and variant classification. Genetics in Medicine, 21(7), 1476–1480. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-018-0370-4   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Toland, 2019)   
    Narrative: Toland (2019)   
    Direct quote: (Toland, 2019, p. 1476)

Advance online article (published online before print).

  • Kishore, T. A., Kuriakose, M. J., Pathrose, G., Raveendran, V., Kumar, K. V., & Unni, V. N. (2019). Robotic assisted kidney transplantation in grafts with multiple vessels: Single center experience. International Urology and Nephrology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-019-02305-z   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Kishore, 2019)   
    Narrative: Kishore (2019)   
    Direct quote: (Kishore, 2019, Discussion section, para. 4)

Comment on a periodical article, published online before print.

  • Skowronski, D. M., & De Serres, G. (2021). Polack et al. (Dec. 31) report a vaccine efficacy of 94.8% against Covid-19 after two doses of the messenger RNA [Comment on the article “Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine”]. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(11). Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2036242   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Skowronski & De Serres, 2021)   
    Narrative: Skowronski & De Serres (2021)   
    Direct quote: (Skowronski & De Serres, 2021, p. 1)

Cochrane Database Report retrieved from Cochrane Library (has own format because reviews are only available in this database. Further explanation in Manual p. 297 and p. 319 ).

  • Garcia‐Casal, M. N., Peña‐Rosas, J. P., De‐Regil, L. M., Gwirtz, J. A., & Pasricha, S.-R. (2018). Fortification of maize flour with iron for controlling anaemia and iron deficiency in populations. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010187.pub2   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Garcia-Casal, 2018)   
    Narrative: Garcia-Casal (2018)   
    Direct quote: (Garcia-Casal, 2018, p. 3)

 

For one article:

  1. Check the first page of article (usually in smaller print near journal logo, copyright, or near author email address).
  2. If not on article, check database record/abstract (sometimes labeled as DOI). CINAHL began adding DOIs in 2009.
  3. If DOI does not appear on either article or in database, search the Cross/Ref DOI Lookup using article author/title


For list of references:

       Go to Simple Text Query Form and copy & paste entire reference list into box. Click submit.


An individual DOI may be verified/searched:
Resolve a DOI name

Journal Article without a DOI, from most academic research databases or print version

  • Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32.  

    How to cite this work in-text:  
    Parenthetical: (Williams, 2008)  
    Narrative: Williams (2008)  
    Direct quote: (Williams, 2008, p. 30) 

Journal Article without a DOI, with a nondatabase URL (provide full URL)

  • Arakji, R. Y., & Lang, K. R. (2008). Avatar business value analysis: A method for the evaluation of business value creation in virtual commerce. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 9(3), 207-218. http://www.jecr.org/node/132  

    How to cite this work in-text:  
    Parenthetical: (Arakji & Lang, 2008)  
    Narrative: Arakji and Lang (2008)  
    Direct quote: (Arakji & Lang, 2008, p. 208) 

Magazine Article, from most academic research databases or print version. Note to provide full date of publication.

  • Velchansky, G. (2018, July/August). Growing our advocacy potential: How the Michigan Reading Association gets its members involved and expands its literacy presence. Literacy Today, 36(1), 40–41.  

    How to cite this work in-text:  
    Parenthetical: (Velchansky, 2018)  
    Narrative: Velchansky (2018)  
    Direct quote: (Velchansky, 2018, p. 41) 

Magazine Article, with a nondatabase URL (provide full URL).   
Note to provide full date of publication.

Webpage on a news website. Note to include full publication date. 

Newspaper Article, from online newspaper site. Note to include full publication date.

Newspaper Article, from most academic research databases or print version. Note to include full publication date. 

  • Von Drehle, D. (2000, January 15). Russians unveil new security plan. The Washington Post, A1, A21.  

    How to cite this work in-text:  
    Parenthetical: (Von Drehle, 2000)  
    Narrative: Von Drehle (2000)  
    Direct quote: (Von Drehle, 2000, p. A1) 

Individual webpage which appears on a website

Since webpages and documents are similar to print, references to them include the same elements such as author, date, title, publisher, etc.

Note that proper names, acronyms, and abbreviations are always capitalized.

New for 7th ed.

1. For date of publication, only provide full date if it appears within and pertains to the content.     
Use "last updated" or "revised" date if it applies to content, and is not part of website footer (APA Manual, Section 9.13).    

"Do not use a copyright date from a webpage or website footer" (APA Manual, Section 9.13).     

Also, do not use "Page last reviewed" or date of last review, because content reviewed does not imply that the content was changed (APA Manual, Section 9.15).

As a result, some webpages references will not have a date, so indicate (n.d.).

2. Title of webpage is now italicized.

3. The phrases "Retrieved from" or "Access from" or the word "website" are no longer included in references. Instead, provide only the URL. (APA Manual, Section 9.35)

4. Date of retrieval is included ONLY when "citing an unarchived (i.e., not stable) work that is likely or meant to change" (APA Manual, Section 9.16).    
Examples of works which are "inherently designed to change" include webpage versions of dictionaries/encyclopedias, Twitter, and Facebook. See examples in further sections of this Guide.

5. For government webpages authored by an agency, place agency name in the author position, and if a parent agency also appears then place that name in the publisher/site position. However, if the parent agency does not appear on the page, do not include it in the reference--even if it is known.

6. URLs are presented as hyperlinks beginning with either protocol of "http://" or "https://" (APA Manual, Section 9.35).    
It is highly recommended researchers copy & paste the URL exactly as it appears, including the protocol. For example, do not convert protocol http:// to https:// as the source may not be designed as a secure website.

7. Utilize default display settings of word processing programs as either underlined in blue text, or plain text as the 6th ed. used. Also, links should be live if it is expected to be published or read online (APA Manual, Section 9.35).     
Instructors often refer to this format as an "active link."

8. Do not worry about forcing a split of URLs between lines. In the 7th edition, it is acceptable to allow word processing software to automatically split the URL between multiple lines, or move the URL to begin on the next line (APA Manual, Section 9.35).

Recommendation: If the webpage is also available as an online document/report (for example in PDF), please download that report and provide that URL. Use the online report format examples on this Guide listed under the Reports sections, and cite in-text appropriately.

9. For direct quotation from a webpage, because source does not contain page numbers, there are multiple options for verbiage at the end of in-text citation:    
section name followed by the word section    
abbreviated section name within quotation marks with word section    
para. followed by the paragraph number    
section name followed by the word section, followed by para. and paragraph number

APA states to "use the approach that will best help readers find the quotation" [Manual, p. 273]. 

Individual person(s) as author(s), content shows publication date (Notes: diseases/conditions are not capitalized except when part of the name is a proper noun. When persons are authors you must include name of website host)

  • Vera, M. (2023, May 1). 8 lung cancer nursing care plans. Nurseslabs. https://nurseslabs.com/lung-cancer-nursing-care-plans/  

    How to cite this work in-text:    
    Parenthetical: (Vera, 2023)    
    Narrative: Vera (2023)    
    Direct quote: (Vera, 2023, What is Lung Cancer? section, para. 2)

Group of people as authors, & shows content date. "by Mayo Clinic Staff " appears on the webpage. Note 2023 addition of website name.

  • Mayo Clinic Staff. (2022, April 9). Gestational diabetes: Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic.    
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355339    

    How to cite this work in-text:    
    Parenthetical: (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022)    
    Narrative: Mayo Clinic Staff (2022)    
    Direct quote with only name of section: (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022, Causes section)    
    Direct quote including section and paragraph number:    
         (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022, Causes section, para. 1)

Government Agency as author, parent agency appears on page, does not indicate content date (therefore, indicate publication date of n.d.). Include parent agency in site name position.

  • Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (n.d.). Healthy people 2020: Global health. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/global-health    

    How to cite this work in-text, assume citing work more than once, so include acronym for subsequent cite:    
    Parenthetical: (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion [ODPHP], n.d.)    
    Narrative: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP, n.d.)    
    Direct quote with full name of section:    
         (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion [ODPHP], n.d., Why is Global Health Important section, para. 1)

Government Agency as author, parent agency appears on page, shows "Page last reviewed" date (therefore, indicate publication date of n.d.)

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Healthier holidays in 1 – 2 – 3! U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/features/stay-active/index.html     

    How to cite this work in-text, assume citing work more than once, so include acronym for subsequent cite:    
    Parenthetical: (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d.)    
    Narrative: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, n.d.)    
    Direct quote with only abbreviated name of section:    
         (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d., "Plan Activities" section)    
    Direct quote including abbreviated section and paragraph number:    
         (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d., "Plan Activities" section, para. 3)

Organization as author, no update year

 

Note regarding citing an entire website source

When discussing an entire website (as opposed to a specific page on the website), an entry does not appear in the reference list, but is cited within text as shown in the following sample sentence:    
The International Council of Museums web site provides many links to museums, codes of ethics, and the museum profession (https://icom.museum/en/).

Database or Archive Source (do not use this example for works obtained from academic research databases/platforms; instead, cite the source content)       
Notes:  

Use these examples and "provide name of the database or archive when it publishes original, proprietary works available only in that database" (APA Manual, Section 9.30). Also italicize the name of the database.

In the following examples, the information in an entry is "inherently designed to change ... or reflect information that changes over time... Provide a retrieval date in the source element" (APA Manual, section 9.16). As such, the date of retrieval must be included in the reference.

According to the APA Manual, treat "UpToDate articles like periodical articles."    
 

UpToDate entry of a disease/condition/topic. Include date of retrieval because content is designed to change & versions of the page are not archived.


UpToDate entry of drug information. Note that when Lexicomp is listed at the beginning of the entry, use that name as the author. Include date of retrieval because content is designed to change & versions of the page are not archived.

  • Lexicomp. (2023). Apixaban: Drug information. UpToDate. Retrieved April 25, 2023, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/apixaban-drug-information        

    How to cite this work in-text:        
    Parenthetical: (Lexicomp, 2023)        
    Narrative: Lexicomp (2023)        
    Direct quote: (Lexicomp, 2023, Contraindications section, para. 1) 


Lexicomp Drug Interactions entry retrieved through UpToDate. Note that when there is no individual as author, use organization name. Also note that Lexicomp entries do not have unique urls, so include the general one to access. Include date of retrieval because content is designed to change & versions of the page are not archived.

  • Lexicomp. (2023). Eliquis: Drug interactions. UpToDate. Retrieved May 17, 2023, from https://www.uptodate.com/drug-interactions/?source=responsive_home#di-druglist        

    How to cite this work in-text:        
    Parenthetical: (Lexicomp, 2023)        
    Narrative: Lexicomp (2023)        
    Direct quote: (Lexicomp, 2023, Anticoagulants / Apixaban section, para. 3) 


Entry in PubChem example, as all information in each entry only appears together in this source.  

  • National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2022). Compound summary for CID 980, 4-nitrophenol. PubChem. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4-Nitrophenol      
     
  • How to cite this work in-text:      
    Parenthetical: (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2022)      
    Narrative: National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022)      
    Direct quote: (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2022, Physical Description section, para. 1)


Software (do not use this example for common software programs such as word processing or spreadsheet; instead, cite in-text. See APA Manual, Section 10.10).  

Example for EMR system used in hospitals & clinics. Notes: Name of software is a proper name & hence capitalized. It is also important to include version number. 

  • GE Healthcare. (2022). Centricity Prenatal EMR database (Version 69000001) [Computer software]. https://www.gehealthcare.com/products/centricity-services        

    How to cite this work in-text:        
    Parenthetical: (GE Healthcare, 2022)        
    Narrative: GE Healthcare (2022)        
    Direct quote: (GE Healthcare, 2022, Medications section, Screen 2) 

Graphic representation of data derived from a data set / data bank
When a figure (graph, map, chart, etc.) or table is generated/created from a data set/data bank available online, use the following to reference the data set. Since data sets/banks are frequently updated, provide the URL of the initial web page used to generate the graphic. Note to also properly caption & cite the resulting graphic or table. See examples of how to caption & cite tables & figures from another tab on this APA style guide.
 

YouTube Video (provide name of person/group who uploaded the video, regardless of role)   
Note: When citing direct quote from audiovisual works, include time stamp of when quoted segment begins.

  • UP Above Productions. (2018, April 8). U.P. 200 sled dog race - Marquette [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lI9QzkCzU0   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (U.P. Above Productions, 2018)   
    Narrative: U.P. Above Productions (2018)   
    Direct quote: (U.P. Above Productions, 2018, 1:10)


JoVE Video (provide Source name of person as author, regardless of role) . No DOI assigned.  
Note: When citing direct quote from audiovisual works, include time stamp of when quoted segment begins. If citing accompanying text, indicate section name.

  • Glickman-Simon, R. (2023). Physical examinations II. Ear exam [Video]. JoVE. https://app.jove.com/v/10148/ear-exam   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Glickman-Simon, 2023)   
    Narrative: Glickman-Simon (2023)   
    Direct quote: (Glickman-Simon, 2023, 0:18)


 JoVE online video textbook (no individual author). No DOI assigned. Refer to specific chapter for in-text citation (applying APA Manual Section 8.13). 
Note: When citing direct quote from audiovisual works, include time stamp of when quoted segment begins. If citing accompanying text, indicate section name.

  • JoVE. (n.d.). Core molecular biology [Video]. https://app.jove.com/science-education/12014/dna-microarrays   

    How to cite this work in-text (indicate specific chapter video):   
    Parenthetical: (JoVE, n.d., Chapter 15.6)   
    Narrative: JoVE (n.d., Chapter 15.6)   
    Direct quote: (Glickman-Simon, 2023, 0:18)


Television Series Single Episode or webisode

  • Daniels, G., Vitti, J., Gervais, G., Merchant, S. (Writers), & Carell, S. (Director). (2011, March 24). Garage sale (Season 7, Episode 18) [TV series episode]. In D. Chun & M. Kaling (Co-Executive Producers). The Office. Deedle-Dee Productions; Reveille Productions; Universal Media Studios.   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Daniels et al., 2011)   
    Narrative: Daniels et al. (2011)   
    Direct quote: (Daniels et al., 2011, 5:20)

 

Video Webcast from Television Series Single Episode


Film / Movie / Motion Picture / Video on DVD   
Notes: Provide url of official source where one can acquire the DVD (usually publisher's page).   
When citing direct quote from audiovisual works, include time stamp of where segment begins.

  • Chrisman, S. (Producer & Director). (2003). Lumberjack life: U.P. days of yore [Film; educational DVD]. WNMU-TV. https://wnmutv.nmu.edu/programs/purchase-dvd/   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Chrisman, 2003)   
    Narrative: Chrisman (2003)   
    Direct quote: (Chrisman, 2003, 15:02)


Audio Podcast

  • Shockley, C. (Host), & Charney, T. (Producer). (2007, August 19). Ashes to hope: Overcoming the Detroit riots [Audio podcast]. Michigan Radio NPR. https://www.michiganradio.org/post/ashes-hope-overcoming-detroit-riots   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Shockley & Charney, 2007)   
    Narrative: Shockley and Charney (2007)   
    Direct quote: (Shockley & Charney, 2007, 7:41)


Audio Recording in Digital Archive (no speaker or Director identified)

  • Michigan 9 [Audio recording]. (2004, October 18). International Dialects of English Archive. https://www.dialectsarchive.com/michigan-9   

    How to cite this work in-text (note italics):   
    Parenthetical: (Michigan 9, 2004)   
    Narrative: Michigan 9 (2004)   
    Direct quote: (Michigan 9, 2004, 1:26)

Blog post

  • Pottorff, A. (2019, July 11). Rural energy dialogues: Rural America’s role in the energy revolution. Jefferson Center. https://jefferson-center.org/rural-americas-role-in-the-energy-revolution/

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Pottorff, 2019)
    Narrative: Pottorff (2019)
    Direct quote: (Pottorff, 2019, Build Clarity and Understanding section, para. 3)
    Direct quote, abbreviated heading/section name (include within quotation marks): (Pottorff, 2019, "Support an Energy System" section, para. 1)


Online forum post

  • Jameson, J. (2018, May 31). Teaching critical appraisal [Online forum post]. Caucus - Nursing and Allied Health Resources Discussions. https://www.mlanet.org/p/fo/st/topic=56&post=26770

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Jameson, 2018)
    Narrative: Jameson (2018)
    Direct quote: (Jameson, 2018, para. 1)

New for APA 7th ed. - Course materials are now cited as references, not personal communication as it was in the 6th ed.

When course materials such as a syllabus, lecture notes, or presentation slides (e.g., PowerPoint) are available only through a course website or course management systems (e.g., NMU EduCat, Moodle, or Blackboard), create reference entry using the following examples (Manual, p. 347, example # 102).

Reference entry includes: author, date of publication, title with format type in square brackets, name of course management system (if applicable), and URL.

If retrieved from course management system, provide login URL, not the exact URL of the content.

Slides from within a course management system, full date indicated

  • Robinia, K. (2018, October 18). Defending your practice: How to prevent a lawsuit [PowerPoint slides]. NMU EduCat. https://educat.nmu.edu/ 

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Robinia, 2018)
    Narrative: Robinia (2018)
    Direct quote: (Robinia, 2018, Slide 2)


Slides from within a course management system, only year indicated

  • Imdieke, S. (2019). Organizing for effective reading instruction [PowerPoint slides]. NMU EduCat. https://educat.nmu.edu/ 

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Imdieke, 2019)
    Narrative: Imdieke (2019)
    Direct quote: (Imdieke, 2019, Slide 3)

Additional course-related materials (articles, general information, etc.) provided by publishers

Citing article from Lippincott Advisor or Lippincott Advisor for Education

Entry is similar format to UpToDate or Cochrane article because content is only available in that database.

Access may vary depending on subscription version: 

  • professional access directly to Lippincott Advisor
  • student access directly to Lippincott Advisor
  • student access to Lippincott Advisor for Education either direct login or through other Lippincott products

Use the following examples depending on which form of access.

Similar to APA example for UpToDate, provide only the year of publication, not complete revised/updated date.

Since content is behind a paywall/subscription, provide login source URL, not exact URL of the content.

Include date of retrieval because content is designed to change and is not archived. 

Cite Lippincott Advisor

  • Diabetes mellitus (Type 2). (2020). Lippincott Advisor. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from https://advisor.lww.com/lna/home.do 

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: ("Diabetes Mellitus [Type 2]," 2020)
    Narrative: "Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2)" (2020)
    Direct quote: ("Diabetes Mellitus [Type 2]," 2020, Overview section, para. 1)

    Shortened title form, Parenthetical: ("Diabetes Mellitus," 2020)
    Shortened title form, Narrative: "Diabetes Mellitus" (2020)
    Shortened title form, Direct quote: ("Diabetes Mellitus," 2020, Overview section, para. 1)

Cite Lippincott Advisor for Education

  • Diabetes mellitus (Type 2). (2020). Lippincott Advisor for Education. Retrieved March 11, 2021, from https://advisor-edu.lww.com/lna/home.do 

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: ("Diabetes Mellitus [Type 2]," 2020)
    Narrative: "Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2)" (2020)
    Direct quote: ("Diabetes Mellitus [Type 2]," 2020, Overview section, para. 1)

    Shortened title form, Parenthetical: ("Diabetes Mellitus," 2020)
    Shortened title form, Narrative: "Diabetes Mellitus" (2020)
    Shortened title form, Direct quote: ("Diabetes Mellitus," 2020, Overview section, para. 1)

 

Additional materials provided by publisher to accompany textbook

Note that example below reflect that content did not have an author. Also note that [Supplemental material] notation is a format designation, not part of the original title.  

  • Stage IV--First 4 hours following delivery of the placenta [Supplemental material]. (2019). In M. E. Doenges, M. F. Moorhouse, & A. C. Murr, Nursing care plans: Guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span (10th ed.). F.A. Davis. 

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: ("Stage IV--First 4 hours Following Delivery of the Placenta," 2019)
    Narrative: "Stage IV--First 4 hours Following Delivery of the Placenta" (2019)
    Direct quote: ("Stage IV--First 4 hours Following Delivery of the Placenta," 2019, p. 3)

    Shortened title form, Parenthetical: ("Stage IV," 2019)
    Shortened title form, Narrative: "Stage IV" (2019)

Notes on Books references: New for 7th edition

All books (even those retrieved online) must include publisher.   
However, place of publication is no longer included in references.

When an ebook / electronic book is retrieved from academic research database and was not assigned a DOI, you no longer include name of database.    
However, if that ebook is ONLY available from that database, then such additional information is provided in the reference.

 

Book with editors, but chapters Are Not separately authored, no DOI assigned, subsequent edition. 

  • Comerford, K. C., & Durkin, M. T. (Eds.). (2020). Nursing 2020 drug handbook (40th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Comerford & Durkin, 2020)   
    Narrative: Comerford and Durkin (2020)   
    Direct quote: (Comerford & Durkin, 2020, p. 288)  

Illustrated children's book without a DOI, including author & illustrator, from academic research database or print version. Note that many of these books do not have page numbers, so cite direct quote using section (if provided) and paragraph number. Recommendation: if no section names, count paragraphs from beginning of book.

  • Brown, M. W., & Hurd, C. (Illus.). (1947). Goodnight moon. Harper.    

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Brown & Hurd, 1947)   
    Narrative: Brown and Hurd (1947)   
    Direct quote: There are many things in the room, including "a telephone and a red balloon" (Brown & Hurd, 1947, para. 1)

Authored book without a DOI, from academic research database or print version

  • Betten, H. (2013). Deaf education in Europe: The early years. Maya de Wit.   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Betten, 2013)   
    Narrative: Betten (2013)   
    Direct quote: (Betten, 2013, p. 45)

     

  • Vogel, C. G. (1999). Legends of landforms: Native American lore and the geology of the land. Millbook Press.    

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Vogel, 1999)   
    Narrative: Vogel (1999)   
    Direct quote: (Vogel, 1999, p. 100)

Authored book without a DOI, from academic research database or print version, multiple authors

  • Larson, G. W., Ellis, D. C., & Rivers, P. C. (1984). Essentials of chemical dependency counseling. Columbia University Press.   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Larson et al., 1984)   
    Narrative: Larson et al. (1984)   
    Direct quote: (Larson et al., 1984, p. 98) 

Authored book without a DOI, from academic research database or print version, multiple authors, subsequent edition

  • Burchum, J. R., & Rosenthal, L. D. (2022). Lehne’s pharmacology for nursing care (11th ed.). Elsevier.   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2022)   
        *More-detailed Parenthetical (see Manual Section 8.13): (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2022, Table 71.2)   
    Narrative: Burchum and Rosenthal (2022)   
    Direct quote: (Burchum & Rosenthal, 2022, p. 20)   

     
  • Short, K. G., & Cueto, D. W. (2023). Essentials of children’s literature (10th ed.). Pearson.    

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Sort & Cueto, 2023)   
        *More-detailed Parenthetical (see Manual Section 8.13): (Sort & Cueto, 2023, Figure 1.1)   
    Narrative: Sort and Cueto (2023)   
    Direct quote: (Sort & Cueto, 2023, p. 8) 

 

Authored book without a DOI, subsequent edition, an ebook with a nondatabase URL (example accessed directly from publisher)

Authored book without a DOI, organization as author, with a nondatabase URL. When author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher.

  • [example forthcoming]   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical:   
    Narrative:   
    Direct quote:  

Authored book assigned a DOI, multiple authors

  • Valencia, C. A., Pervaiz, M. A., Husami, A., Qian, Y., & Zhang, K. (2013). Next generation sequencing technologies in medical genetics. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9032-6   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Valencia et al., 2013)   
    Narrative: Valencia et al. (2013)   
    Direct quote: (Valencia et al., 2013, p. 26)  

One volume of a multivolume work with editors indicated but without a DOI, chapters are not separately authored, subsequent edition, from academic research database or print version

  • Moore, M. S., & Levitan, L. (Eds.). (2016). For hearing people only: Answers to some of the most commonly asked questions about the Deaf community, its culture, and the "Deaf reality" (4th ed., Vol. 2). Deaf Life Press.   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Moore & Levitan, 2016)   
    Narrative: Moore and Levitan (2016)   
        *More-detailed Parenthetical (see Manual Section 8.13): (Moore & Levitan, 2019, Chapter 146)   
    Direct quote: (Moore & Levitan, 2016, p. 65) 

Article or chapter in an edited book (editors indicated, chapters are separately authored) but without a DOI, from academic research database or print version 

  • Hartley, J. T., Harker, J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 239-252). American Psychological Association.   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Hartley et al., 1980)   
    Narrative: Hartley et al. (1980)   
    Direct quote: (Hartley et al., 1980, p. 241) 

Article or chapter in an edited book, subsequent edition (editors indicated, chapters are separately authored) but without a DOI, from most academic research databases or print version

  • Durley, T. M., & Stein, A. (2022). Women's health after bariatric surgery. In K. D. Schuiling & F. E. Likis (Eds.), Gynecologic healthcare: With an introduction to prenatal and postpartum care (4th ed., pp. 165-172). Jones & Bartlett Learning.     

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Durley & Stein, 2022)   
    Narrative: Durley & Stein (2022)   
    Direct quote: (Durley & Stein, 2022, p. 167) 

Article or chapter in a book where chapters are separately authored, and book has authors (not editors), subsequent edition

  • Polomano, R. C., & Fillman, M. (2017). Pain. In S. L. Lewis, L. Bucher, M. M. Heitkemper, L. Bucher, & M. Harding, Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems (10th ed., pp. 102-128). Elsevier.   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Polomano & Fillman, 2017)   
    Narrative: Polomano and Fillman (2017)   
    Direct quote: (Polomano & Fillman, 2017, p. 125)

Article or chapter in a book where chapters are separately authored, there is no book author/editor, and no edition indicated. Note that for this specific online book, each chapter has its own publication date and url. Also, each chapter begins on page 1, and therfore for direct quotations, APA rule is to use the page number of the PDF.

  • Chand, S. P., Kuckel, D. P., & Hueker, M. R. (2023). Cognitive behavior therapy. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470241/  

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Chand et al., 2023)   
    Narrative: Chand et al. (2023)   
    Direct quote: (Chand et al., 2023, p. 3) 

Article or chapter in a book where each chapter is written by author(s), publisher is book author (so omit publisher name), subsequent edition

  • Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2007). The five practices of exemplary leadership. In Jossey-Bass, The Jossey-Bass reader on educational leadership (2nd ed., rev. ed., pp. 63-72).   

    How to cite this work in-text:   
    Parenthetical: (Kouzes & Posner, 2007)   
    Narrative: Kouzes and Posner (2007)   
    Direct quote: (Kouzes & Posner, 2007, p. 64) 

Notes on Reports references: New for 7th edition

All reports (even those retrieved online) must include publisher.
However, place of publication is no longer included in references.

When a report is retrieved from an academic research database and was not assigned a DOI, you no longer include name of database. 

However, if that report is ONLY available from that database, then such additional information is provided in the reference. This is the case for reports/documents provided in the ERIC database. Please see separate section in this style guide for examples of how to format ERIC documents references.

 

Code of Ethics. When author and publisher are the same, omit publisher name

  • American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. https://www.nursingworld.org/coe-view-only

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (American Nurses Association, 2015)
    Parenthetical, plan to cite multiple times: (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2015)
    Parenthetical subsequent citation: (ANA, 2015)

    Narrative: American Nurses Association (2015)
    Narrative, plan to cite multiple times: American Nurses Association (ANA, 2015)
    Narrative subsequent citation: ANA (2015)

    Direct quote: (American Nurses Association, 2015, p. 5)
    Direct quote, plan to cite multiple times: (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2015, p. 5)
    Direct quote subsequent citation: (ANA, 2015, p. 8)

Organization-Authored report assigned a DOI, no report number

  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2013). Human genome editing: Science, ethics, and governance. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24623

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2013)
    Narrative: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2013)
    Direct quote: (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2013, p. 29)

Organization-Authored report without a DOI, from academic research database or print version. Has report number. When author and publisher are the same, omit publisher name

  • National League for Nursing. (1990). Self-study report for community health organizations (NLN Publication No. 21-2329).

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (National League for Nursing, 1990)
    Narrative: National League for Nursing (1990)
    Direct quote: (National League for Nursing, 1990, p. 17)

Organization-Authored report without a DOI, with a nondatabase URL. 

Individual-authored report, with publication date & report number, and with a nondatabase URL. Agency name is placed in publisher position.

  • Russo, C. A., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004 (Statistical Brief No. 17). Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsp

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Russo & Jiang, 2006)
    Narrative: Russo and Jiang (2006)
    Direct quote: (Russo & Jiang, 2006, Findings section, para. 1)

Report/Document and no author identified. When no publication date indicated, provide title first

  • [example forthcoming] 

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical:
    Narrative:
    Direct quote:

 

Government webpages

Since webpages and documents are similar to print, references to them include the same elements such as author, date, title, publisher, etc.

Note that proper names, acronyms, and abbreviations are always capitalized.

New for 7th ed.

1. For date of publication, only provide full date if it appears within and pertains to the content. 

Use "last updated" or "revised" date if it applies to content, and is not part of website footer (APA Manual, Section 9.13).

"Do not use a copyright date from a webpage or website footer" (APA Manual, Section 9.13). 

Also, do not use "Page last reviewed" or date of last review, because content reviewed does not imply that the content was changed (APA Manual, Section 9.15).

As a result, some webpages references will not have a date, so indicate (n.d.).

2. Title of webpage is now italicized.

3. The phrases "Retrieved from" or "Access from" or the word "website" are no longer included in references. Instead, provide only the URL. (APA Manual, Section 9.35)

4. Date of retrieval is included ONLY when "citing an unarchived (i.e., not stable) work that is likely or meant to change" (APA Manual, Section 9.16).
Examples of works which are "inherently designed to change" include webpage versions of dictionaries/encyclopedias, Twitter, and Facebook. See examples in further sections of this Guide.

5. For government webpages authored by an agency, place agency name in the author position, and if a parent agency also appears then place that name in the publisher/site position. However, if the parent agency does not appear on the page, do not include it in the reference--even if it is known.

6. URLs are presented as hyperlinks beginning with either protocol of "http://" or "https://" (APA Manual, Section 9.35).
It is highly recommended researchers copy & paste the URL exactly as it appears, including the protocol. For example, do not convert protocol http:// to https:// as the source may not be designed as a secure website.

7. Utilize default display settings of word processing programs as either underlined in blue text, or plain text as the 6th ed. used. Also, links should be live if it is expected to be published or read online (APA Manual, Section 9.35). 
Instructors often refer to this format as an "active link."

8. Do not worry about forcing a split of URLs between lines. In the 7th edition, it is acceptable to allow word processing software to automatically split the URL between multiple lines, or move the URL to begin on the next line (APA Manual, Section 9.35).

Recommendation: If the webpage is also available as an online document/report (for example in PDF), please download that report and provide that URL. Use the online report format examples on this Guide listed under the Books & Reports section, and cite in-text appropriately.

9. For direct quotation from a webpage, because source does not contain page numbers, there are multiple options for verbiage at the end of in-text citation:
section name followed by the word section
abbreviated section name within quotation marks with word section
para. followed by the paragraph number
section name followed by the word section, followed by para. and paragraph number

APA states to "use the approach that will best help readers find the quotation" [Manual, p. 273]. 

 

U.S. Government webpage. Author is parent agency. Archived date listed as "Last updated". Provide full date, not just year of publication. Also do not forget to italicize title.

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2019, July 30). Health effects of ozone pollution. https://www.epa.gov/ground-level-ozone-pollution/health-effects-ozone-pollution

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019)
    Narrative: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2019)
    Direct quote: (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019, Who is at Risk? section, para. 2)

U.S. Government webpage. When author (agency) & parent agency are different and appear on page. In this example, entire title is name of a place (proper noun). 7th ed. rule is to provide parent agency & subagency in site name position. Archived date listed as "Last updated". Provide full date, not just year of publication. Also do not forget to italicize title.

  • National Park Service. (2019, November 19). Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. U.S. Department of the Interior. https://www.nps.gov/piro/index.htm

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (National Park Service, 2019)
    Narrative: National Park Service (2019)
    Direct quote: (National Park Service, 2019, para. 1)

     
  • Office of Head Start, Early Childhood Learning & Knowledge Center. (2020, May 12). Engaging community partners to strengthen family services. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/community-engagement/article/engaging-community-partners-strengthen-family-services

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical first time cited: (Office of Head Start, Early Childhood Learning & Knowledge Center [ECLKC], 2020)
    Parenthetical subsequent times cited: (ECLKC, 2020)
    Narrative: first time cited: Office of Head Start, Early Childhood Learning & Knowledge Center (ECLKC, 2020)
    Narrative subsequent times cited: ECLKC (2020)
    Direct quote first time: (Office of Head Start, Early Childhood Learning & Knowledge Center [ECLKC], 2020, para. 1)
    Direct quote subsequent times: (ECLKC, 2020, para. 2)

 

Government Agency as author, parent agency appears on page, does not indicate content date (therefore, indicate publication date of n.d.). Include parent agency in site name position.

This first entry is the initial webpage providing information about the Affordable Care Act. Note that titles of acts are proper nouns, and therefore always capitalized. However, do not use this example when providing the legal citation to the Act itself; instead look at the Legal Section on this guide. 

  • U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (n.d.). Affordable Care Act (ACA). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/affordable-care-act/

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, n.d.)
    Narrative: U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (n.d.)
    Direct quote. This page does not have section names, so only include paragraph number:
         (U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, n.d., para. 1)

    This second entry is citing Healthy People 2020:
     
  • Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (n.d.). Healthy people 2020: Global health. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/global-health

    How to cite this work in-text, assume citing work more than once, so include acronym for subsequent cite:
    Parenthetical: (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion [ODPHP], n.d.)
    Narrative: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP, n.d.)
    Direct quote with full name of section:
         (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion [ODPHP], n.d., Why is Global Health Important section, para. 1)

U.S. Government webpage with Government Agency as author, parent agency appears on page, shows "Page last reviewed" date (therefore, indicate publication date of n.d.). Include parent agency in site name position. Also do not forget to italicize title.
In-text citation examples for this entry are for one-time only, not subsequent (see webpages examples above for initial with agency acronym & subsequent entries).

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Healthier holidays in 1 – 2 – 3! U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/features/stay-active/index.html

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.)
    Narrative: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.)
    Direct quote with only abbreviated name of section:
         (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d., "Plan Activities" section)
    Direct quote including abbreviated section and paragraph number:
         (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d., "Plan Activities" section, para. 3)

State of Michigan government webpage, agency author, parent agency does not appear on webpage. This example is of an online form, no date provided for content (just in webpage footer), has site name. Do not forget to italicize title. In-text cite of quotation section heading shortened, so use quotation marks.

  • Michigan Department of Attorney General. (n.d.). Consumer complaint/inquiry form.https://secure.ag.state.mi.us/complaints/consumer.aspx

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Michigan Department of Attorney General, n.d.)
    Narrative: Michigan Department of Attorney General (n.d.)
    Direct quote: (Michigan Department of Attorney General, n.d., "Please Be Aware" section, para. 1)

Notes: Not all U.S. government reports & documents are published by GPO.
When the author(s) and publisher agency/agencies are the same, omit publisher from source element.

 

U.S. Government Report, no report/publication number indicated.
7th ed. lists parent agency & subagency in publisher position. 

 

 

U.S. Government Report, authored by two parent agencies, no publication date appears on the report, and no report number indicated. Since author agencies do not have parent agencies, nothing is indicated in publisher position. 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, & U.S. Department of Education. (n.d.). Policy statement on expulsion and suspension policies in early childhood settings. https://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/policy-statement-ece-expulsions-suspensions.pdf

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, & U.S. Department of
    Education, n.d.)
    Narrative: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and U.S. Department of Education (n.d.)
    Direct quote: (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, & U.S. Department of
    Education, n.d., Overview section, para. 2)


Statistical Brief authored by individual(s)--not agency, has publication date & report number.

  • Weiss, A. J., McDermott, K. W., & Heslin, K. C. (2019). Opioid-Related hospital stays among women, 2016 (HCUP Statistical Brief No. 247). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb247-Opioid-Hospital-Stays-Women.pdf

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Weiss et al., 2019)
    Narrative: Weiss et al. (2019)
    Direct quote: (Weiss et al., 2019, p. 6)


U.S. Government document, no publication number, retrieved print format

  • Baker, R. A. (2006). 200 notable days: Senate stories, 1787 to 2002. U.S. Government Printing Office.

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Baker, 2006)
    Narrative: Baker (2006)
    Direct quote: In November 1922, Rebecca Felton was appointed the "first woman to a Senate vacancy" (Baker, 2006, p. 128).


U.S. Government document with publication number, retrieved print format
Note that the agency publication number may appear on the document or in the online catalog.

  • Olson, T. A., & Odlaug, T. O. (1972). Lake Superior periphyton in relation to water quality (EPA Publication No. 18050-DBM-02-72). U.S. Government Printing Office.

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Olson & Odlaug, 1972)
    Narrative: Olson and Odlaug (1972)
    Direct quote: (Olson & Odlaug, 1972, p. 8)


State of Michigan Government document without publication number. APA 7th ed. places parent agency in publisher position. 

  • Michigan Civil Rights Commission. (2017). The Flint water crisis: Systemic racism through the lens of Flint: Report of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission, February 17, 2017. Michigan Department of Civil Rights. https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdcr/VFlintCrisisRep-F-Edited3-13-17_554317_7.pdf

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Michigan Civil Rights Commission, 2017)
    Narrative: Michigan Civil Rights Commission (2017)
    Direct quote: (Michigan Civil Rights Commission, 2017, p. 33)


State of Michigan Government document without publication number. Retrieved print format. When author and publisher are same, omit publisher name.

  • Michigan Department of Community Health, & Michigan Dementia Coalition. (2003). Michigan dementia plan summary: Reducing the burden of dementia in Michigan

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Michigan Department of Community Health, & Michigan Dementia Coalition, 2003)
    Narrative: Michigan Department of Community Health, & Michigan Dementia Coalition (2003)
    Direct quote: (Michigan Department of Community Health, & Michigan Dementia Coalition, 2003, p. 9)

Notes regarding Dictionaries:

Definition Entry in a general Dictionary, retrieved online, no entry author, no date, no editor. For direct quote, recommend providing more-specific information--see example below.

  • Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Love. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved February 14, 2020, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
    Narrative: Merriam-Webster (n.d.)
    Direct quote: (Merriam-Webster, n.d., Entry 1 of 2, Definition 3b)


Entry in a specialized/subject Dictionary without a DOI, from most academic research databases or print version. 
Note that even though this is an ebook, the entries are not viewable in PDF.

  • Harris, J., & White, V. (Eds.). (2018). Feminist social work. In A dictionary of social work and social care (2nd ed.). F. A. Davis.

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Harris & White, 2018)
    Narrative: Harris and White (2018)
    Direct quote: (Harris & White, 2018, para. 2)

Notes regarding Encyclopedias:

When website form of online reference work content indicates last updated, include that as its publication year. However, do not include a reviewed date. 

Online webpage/website encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc. are "inherently designed to change," and as such, references must include a date of retrieval unless a specific edition is indicated (Manual, Sects. 9.16 & 10.3).

However, treat online form of printed encyclopedias similar to chapter in edited book, and use published year.

Entry in an online Encyclopedia (webpage form) with entry author name, without a DOI. Include date of retrieval.


Entry in an online Encyclopedia (webpage form) with entry author name and publisher, without a DOI. Since version of entry is archived, no date of retrieval is necessary.

  • LoCicero, R. (2023). Hemophilia B. In A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia. National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000539.htm

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (LoCicero, 2023)
    Narrative: LoCicero (2023)
    Direct quote: (LoCicero, 2023, Causes section, para. 1)


Entry in an Encyclopedia with entry author name, assigned a DOI (online or print),
and is a single volume. Must include full pagination of entry, not just the cited page.

  • Mori, S. (2016). Japan: Deaf community. In G. Gertz & P. Boudreault (Eds.), The SAGE Deaf Studies  encyclopedia (pp. 528-532). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483346489

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Mori, 2016)
    Narrative: Mori (2016)
    Direct quote: (Mori, 2016, p. 529)


Entry in an Encyclopedia with an entry author name, from most academic research databases or print version, multiple volume set. Must include full pagination of entry, not just the cited page.

  • Hanegraaff, W. (2005). New Age movement. In L. Jones (Ed.), Encyclopedia of religion (2nd ed., Vol. 10, pp. 6495-6500). Macmillan Reference USA.

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Hanegraaff, 2005)
    Narrative: Hanegraaff (2005)
    Direct quote: (Hanegraaff, 2005, p. 6495)


Entry in an Encyclopedia without an entry author name, from most academic research databases or print
version, reference is similar to dictionary entry by indicating author(s)/editor(s) of entire work and term being defined.

  • Turkington, C., & Sussman, A. E. (2004). Tinnitus. In The encyclopedia of deafness and hearing disorders (2nd ed., updated, pp. 204-206). Facts on File.

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Turkington & Sussman, 2004)
    Narrative: Turkington and Sussman (2004)
    Direct quote: (Turkington & Sussman, 2004, p. 205)


Entry in Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY) - without a DOI, from most academic research databases or print version, with entry author

Title of the review and authorship appears in italics at the beginning of the review narrative (example provided below). Also, note that many entries published in MMY contain more than one review. Title of the test is capitalized.

Entry information:

Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments by NANCY L. ALLEN, Research Scientist, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ.

Reference entry:

  • Allen, N. L. (1992). Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments. In J. J. Kramer & J. C. Conoley (Eds.), The eleventh mental measurements yearbook. Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, University of Nebraska Press.

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Allen, 1992)
    Narrative: Allen (1992)
    Direct quote: (Allen, 1992, p. 211)

Note: According to the Manual p. 324, the first time DSM-5 is discussed, the title is stated along with the in-text citation. Also note that when the title is mentioned, it is both capitalized and italicized.

Citing specific chapter in DSM-5 (each assigned individual DOI) 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Anxiety disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm05






  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  • How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
    Narrative: There are a variety of anxiety disorders discussed in the American Psychiatric Association's (2013)   Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5).
    Direct quote: (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, Panic Disorder section, para. 2)

 

 

Citing the entire DSM-5, with a DOI, organization as both author & publisher

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596






  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  • How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
    Narrative: American Psychiatric Association (2013)

 

 

ICD-11 without a DOI, with a nondatabase URL, organization as both author & publisher

  • World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/






  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  • How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (World Health Organization, 2019)
    Narrative: World Health Organization (2019)
    Direct quote: (World Health Organization, 2019, Neoplasms section, para. 1)

 

Note: If you are citing a visual work published in a journal/magazine article, book, or report, reference the source wherein that visual work appears, and use at greater source and the examples on this guide, not this subsection of Visual Works. 

For example, if you are using a figure/graph published in a journal article, reference the journal article. When providing a note and copyright attribution underneath the figure, use reference information from the source and also include an entry in References list. 

When citing a work accessed online, please remember to apply APA 7th ed. rule regarding date of publication: it must be for the content. That is, do not use footer template year.

Reference components include: author of visual work itself, year of source, title followed in square brackets by type of medium, site name, and URL (if retrieved online).

All of the examples below include the url to the visual work itself, not to the webpage which has the image of the visual work.

If you plan on directly quoting content from the webpage where the visual work appears, then look at & use the webpage examples on this guide, not the examples below.

If it will make it easier to find the visual work, you may provide the url of the work itself (jpg, etc.) instead of the webpage url. This is especially helpful if there are many visual items which appear on a webpage.

If the visual work does not have a title, provide description including type of medium (see example below).

Provide: artist as author, year(s) of creation (as attributed by the museum/gallery), title in italics followed by type of medium in square brackets, name of museum/gallery, city, state / province (if applicable), and country. If image of visual work is available online, then include URL to that image.

Additional examples are in the Manual, pp. 346-347.


Diagram

  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2013, July 2). intercellular lipid pathway [Diagram].Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/images/skin6.jpg

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2013)
    Narrative: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2013)
     

Photograph. Work does not have a name/title. This example has publication date.


Cartoon


Artwork in a museum or on a museum website.

Note: According to APA style, Section 6.18, names of tests, scales, questionnaires, etc. are considered proper names, and therefore always capitalized--even in title section of references. However, if words such as "test" or "scale" is not part of the test or scale title, then do not capitalize that word.

Manual for a test, scale, or inventory

  • Dunn, D. M. (2019). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-5 (PPVT-5): Manual. Pearson.

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Dunn, 2019)
    Narrative:  Dunn (2019)
    Direct quote:  (Dunn, 2019, p. 10)  

For additional examples, please see Manual, pp. 330-331.

Nursing Code of Ethics. When author and publisher are the same, omit publisher name

  • American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. https://www.nursingworld.org/coe-view-only

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (American Nurses Association, 2015)
    Parenthetical, plan to cite multiple times: (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2015)
    Parenthetical subsequent citation: (ANA, 2015)

    Narrative: American Nurses Association (2015)
    Narrative, plan to cite multiple times: American Nurses Association (ANA, 2015)
    Narrative subsequent citation: ANA (2015)

    Direct quote: (American Nurses Association, 2015, p. 5)
    Direct quote subsequent citation: (ANA, 2015, p. 8)

For legislative and legal materials, APA uses the conventional legal citation format found in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (latest edition). Guidelines and additional examples appear in the Manual Chapter 11 (355-368).

U.S. Constitution
For U.S. Constitution or state constitutions, please consult APA Manual, Section 11.9. Standard format is to provide Constitution Name abbreviation, article, section, and clause--if used. Note that citation style for constitutions uses Roman numerals for article and amendment numbers. Do not include where you found the document. 

Note that text is not italicized.
For the reference, Article is abbreviated art., Section uses the § symbol, and clause is abbreviated cl. 

The example below cites a specific clause. However, if citing the entire section, do not include a specific clause.

  • U.S. Const. art. II, § 1, cl. 8.
     
  • How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (U.S. Const. art. II, § 1, cl. 8)
    Narrative: Article II, Section 1, Clause 8, of the U.S. Constitution

 

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
When citing an amendment to the U.S. Constitution or state constitutions, please consult APA Manual, Section 11.9. Standard format is to provide Constitution Name abbreviation, article, section, and clause (if used). Note that citation style for constitutions uses Roman numerals for article and amendment numbers. Do not include where you found the document. 

Note that text is not italicized.
For the reference, Amendment is abbreviated amend., Section uses the § symbol, and clause is abbreviated cl. 

The example below does not cite a specific clause. However, if citing a specific clause, that info appears at the end of the reference sentence. 

  • U.S. Const. amend. IV, § 3.
     
  • How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (U.S. Const. amend. IV, § 3)
    Narrative: Amendment IV, Section 3, of the U.S. Constitution
     

 

U.S. Congressional document
For legislative materials such as hearings, provide: title, session of Congress, and year held. URL (optional) 

Note that title of hearing is italicized.

 

U.S. Unenacted federal bill (at the time of citation) - retrieved through Congress.gov
For legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc., provide title, H.R. or S. number, session of Congress, and year introduced. URL (optional)

Note that no part of reference entry is italicized.

 

U.S. Enacted federal law 

This act was codified across a number of sections in the U.S. Code, and thus cited here using the Public Law and U.S. Statutes at Large forms.
 

  • Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, Pub. L. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119 (2010). https://www.congress.gov/111/plaws/publ148/PLAW-111publ148.pdf

     
  • How to cite this work in-text:
  • Parenthetical: (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 2010)
    Narrative: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010)
    Direct quote: 
     

Federal Court Decision. Note that no part of reference entry is italicized.

 

  • Hornback v. U.S., 601 F.3d 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
     
  • How to cite this work in-text:
  • Parenthetical:
    Narrative:
    Direct quote:
  • United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974).


     
  • How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical:
    Narrative:
    Direct quote:

Michigan Code, specifically MI Revised School Code (1976)

Adapting the example which appears in the APA Manual, 7th ed. p. 363 and The Bluebook.

Information as it appears online from the State of Michigan Legislative Council:

380.1280a Specialized or alternative school or program.

Sec. 1280a.

   The board of a school district or intermediate school district that operates or participates in a consortium that operates an alternative educational program pursuant to section 1301, a vocational-technical skills center or other separate vocational education program, or any other type of specialized or alternative school or program shall ensure that the requirements of sections 1204a, 1277a, 1278, and 1280 are met for each of those schools or programs.

History: Add. 1993, Act 335, Imd. Eff. Dec. 31, 1993
Popular Name: Act 451


Here is the reference and in-text citations

  • Michigan Revised School Code Act, 451 M.C.L. §380.1280a (1976 & 1993). http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?mcl-380-1280a

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Michigan Revised School Code Act, 1976 & 1993)
    Narrative: Michigan Revised School Code Act (1976 & 1993)
    Narrative: Michigan Revised School Code Act of 1976 and 1993
    Direct quote: (Michigan Revised School Code Act, 1976 & 1993)
    Also recommend referring to specific subsection as applicable.

Notes:

  1. All of your references from the Revised School Code will begin with:

    Michigan Revised School Code Act, 451 M.C.L. §380.
     
  2. Rest of reference is the specific section or section range,
    followed by (1976 &
    and latest year indicated from the source History line.
     
  3. When referencing/citing laws/statutes/codes, nothing is italicized in either the reference or in-text citation. However, APA rules are different when citing court cases.


Michigan School Board Policies, accessed through Boarddocs.com website

Using the Federal regulation, codified template which appears in the APA Manual, 7th ed. p. 365:

Title or Number, Volume Source Abbrev. § xxx (Year). URL


Information as it appears online for the school district policy manual:

Book          Policy Manual

Section      1000 Administration

 Title           BOARD - SUPERINTENDENT RELATIONSHIP

 Code         po1210

 Status       Active

Adopted    October 11, 1999


1210 - BOARD - SUPERINTENDENT RELATIONSHIP


Here is the reference and in-text citations:

  • Board – Superintendent Relationship, 1000 Marq. Area Pub. Sch. Bd. of Educ. Policy Manual § po1210 (1999). 
    https://go.boarddocs.com/mi/marquette/Board.nsf/Public?open&id=policies

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Board - Superintendent Relationship, 1999)
    Narrative: Board - Superintendent Relationship (1999)
    Direct quote: (Board - Superintendent Relationship, 1999)

Notes:

  1. Provide the title of the code section.
     
  2. For volume position, provide the general/broad section.
     
  3. Indicate the source using standard abbreviations from The Bluebook. Although there are legal abbreviations for words such as Policy Manual, it is best to spell out those words in order to maintain clarity. Also each word is capitalized.
     
  4. Next provide the specific section cited, providing the section symbol § followed by the Code value. 
     
  5. Finish the sentence with the publication year in parentheses. Use Adopted date unless a newer date is listed in Last Revised. This example did not indicate a Last Revised date.
     
  6. Last part of the reference is the URL for the overall document.
     
  7. When referencing/citing laws/statutes/codes, nothing is italicized in either the reference or in-text citation. However, APA rules are different when citing court cases.


Unenacted State of Michigan bill - retrieved through http://www.legislature.mi.gov
(other states are similar--see Bluebook for format). Note that no part of reference entry is italicized.

For legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc., provide title, H.R. or S. number, session of Congress, and year introduced. URL (optional)

Note that no part of reference entry is italicized.

  • A bill to amend 1931 PA 328, entitled "The Michigan penal code," by amending section 81d (MCL 750.81d), as amended by 2006 PA 517. H.B. 5084, 101st Leg., Reg. Sess. (Mich. 2021). http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?2021-HB-5084

    How to cite this work in-text. APA allows shortening of long titles, and requires significant words capitalized:
    Parenthetical: (A Bill to Amend 1931 PA 328, 2021)
    Narrative: A Bill to Amend 1931 PA 328 (2021)
    Direct quote should cite a specific section

     
  • A bill to provide for the official time followed in this state; and to provide for the elimination of daylight savings time in this state. H.B. 4303, 100th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Mich. 2019). http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?2019-HB-4303

    How to cite this work in-text. APA allows shortening of long titles, and requires significant words capitalized:
    Parenthetical: (A Bill to Provide for the Official Time, 2019)
    Narrative: A Bill to Provide for the Official Time (2019)
    Direct quote should cite a specific section

 

Michigan legislative document
For legislative materials such as hearings, provide title, Congress, session, and year.

Note that title of hearing is italicized.

  • [forthcoming]

  •  
  • How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical:
    Narrative:
    Direct quote:

 

Michigan Executive Order

For executive orders, use the example in the APA style Manual 7th edition Section 11.7 #21, and adapt for state materials. 

Provide Bluebook abbreviation for state followed by executive order number, year, and URL.

Note that nothing is italicized.

 

Paper in proceedings published regularly (format similar to journal article)

  • Tavits, M., & Pérez, E. O. (2019). Language influences mass opinion toward gender and LGBT equality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(34), 16781–16786. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908156116

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Tavits & Pérez, 2019)
    Narrative: Tavits and Pérez (2019)
    Direct quote: (Tavits & Pérez, 2019, p. 16782)

Paper published in book form of Proceedings, 3 authors (format similar to a chapter in an edited book). Capitalize the name of the symposium/conference.

  • Barlow, D. H., Chorpita, B. F., & Turovsky, J. (1996). Fear, panic, anxiety, and disorders of emotion. In D. A. Hope (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 43. Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear (pp. 251-328). University of Nebraska Press.

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Barlow et al., 1996)
    Narrative: Barlow et al. (1996)
    Direct quote: (Barlow et al., 1996, p. 251)

Paper in proceedings published regularly, 21 or more authors (format similar to journal article) (example had 99 authors)

  • Frantz, L. A. F., Haile, J., Lin, A. T., Scheu, A., Geörg, C., Benecke, N., Alexander, M., Linderholm, A., Mullin, V. E., Daly, K. G., Battista, V. M., Price, M., Gron, K. J., Alexandri, P., Arbogast, R.-M., Arbuckle, B., Bӑlӑşescu, A., Barnett, R., Bartosiewicz, L., … Larson, G. (2019). Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(35), 17231–17238. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901169116

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Frantz et al., 2019)
    Narrative: Frantz et al. (2019)
    Direct quote: (Frantz et al., 2019, p. 17236)

Paper presentation

  • Clumpner, K. E. (2007, April 18-20). NMUmaniTies: An interdisciplinary blog for liaisons [Paper presentation]. Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians Annual Meeting, Wisconsin Dells, WI, United States.

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Clumpner, 2007)
    Narrative: Clumpner (2007)
    Direct quote: (Clumpner, 2007, Slide 3)

Poster presentation

  • Raspe, P. D., & Lasker, G. W. (1991, April 2-6). Relationship among given names in the Scilly Isles [Poster presentation]. American Association of Physical Anthropologists Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330340505

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Raspe & Lasker, 1991)
    Narrative: Raspe and Lasker (1991)
    Direct quote: (Raspe & Lasker, 1991, p. 149)

When content is only available (limited circulation) from an online source (such as monographs provided in ERIC), provide the name of the database in the reference (Sections 9.30, & 10.8 example # 74). Provide the full url of the PDF, not address of the entry in the ERIC database.

Report

  • Brewster, C., & Railsback, J. (2002). Full-day kindergarten: Exploring an option for extended learning (ED472733). ERIC. https://files.eric.ed.gov./fulltext/ED472733.pdf

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Brewster & Railsback, 2002)
    Narrative: Brewster and Railsback (2002)
    Direct quote: (Brewster & Railsback, 2002, p. 7)


ERIC Digest 

  • Schuetz, P. (2000). Successful collaborations between high schools and community colleges. ERIC Digest (ED451856). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED451856.pdf

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Schuetz, 2000)
    Narrative: Schuetz (2000)
    Direct quote: (Schuetz, 2000, p. 3)


Speeches/Meeting Papers - Paper presentation

  • Shaw, C. L. M. (1997, November 19-23). Customer satisfaction: Communication training and the help-desk hot-line [Paper presentation] (ED416553). National Communication Association 83rd Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, United States. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED416553.pdf

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Shaw, 1997)
    Narrative: Shaw (1997)
    Direct quote: (Shaw, 1997, p. 5)


Speeches/Meeting Papers - Published in proceedings

  • Lucas, L. A. (1998, June 11). Issues in the creation and coordination of an academic computing help desk (ED425722). In Proceedings of the ASCUE Summer Conference [Paper presentation] (pp. 87-92). Association of Small Computer Users in Education 31st Annual Conference, North Myrtle Beach, SC, United States. ERIC. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED425722.pdf

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Lucas, 1998)
    Narrative: Lucas (1998)
    Direct quote: (Lucas, 1998, p. 89)

Book

  • Barker, C. L., & Searchwell, C. J. (2000). Writing year-end teacher improvement plans--right now!! The principal's time-saving reference guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. (ED450448)


  • How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical:
    Narrative:
    Direct quote:

Report - available from ERIC (microfiche-only, but without report number)

  • Morgan, D. R. (1982). Desegregating public schools: A handbook for local officials. Norman, OK: Bureau of Government Research, University of Oklahoma. (ED215005)


  • How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical:
    Narrative:
    Direct quote:

Speeches/Meeting Papers - Unpublished presentation (microfiche-only)

  • Kondrick, L. C., & Franklin, K. K. (2003). A conceptual model for a task analysis of methods in action research design. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, Biloxi, MS. (ED482468)


  • How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical:
    Narrative:
    Direct quote:

In the 7th edition of APA Style, the definition of what is considered a published thesis or dissertation has changed.

This type of work is considered "unpublished" if it was "retrieved directly from the college or university in print form."

This type of work is considered "published" if it was retrieved online from a database (such as ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global), university archives (also known as institutional repository), or personal webpage (Section 10.6).

For Published works, include

publication number (if applicable)
type of work & institution name in square brackets [  ]
name of source holding online work
and for works published online but not in a database: URL


Published Master's thesis acquired online from a database 

  • Smith-LaBrash, S. (2010). Influence of learning styles, gender, self-rated computer experience, and age on preference for computer-assisted learning versus traditional learning (Publication No. 1483122) [Master's thesis, Northern Michigan University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. 

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Smith-LaBrash, 2010)
    Narrative: Smith-LaBrash (2010)
    Direct quote: (Smith-LaBrash, 2010, p. 10)

 

Published Master's thesis acquired online not from a database, but rather an institutional repository (sometimes referred to as a Commons, or has ETD/handle in url). Provide name of repository. URL should retrieve the PDF.

  • Taylor, J. N. (2018). Measuring the success of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan students at a nonmetropolitan university [Master's thesis, Northern Michigan University]. NMU Commons. https://commons.nmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1589&context=theses

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Taylor, 2018)
    Narrative: Taylor (2018)
    Direct quote: (Taylor, 2018, p. 17)

 

Unpublished Master's thesis (acquired in print form)

  • Paulosky, K. A. (1997). Knowledge and attitudes of pain and activities of nurse administrators [Unpublished master's thesis]. Northern Michigan University.

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Paulosky, 1997)
    Narrative: Paulosky (1997)
    Direct quote: (Paulosky, 1997, p. 17)

 

In the 7th edition of APA Style, the definition of what is considered a published thesis or dissertation has changed.

This type of work is considered "unpublished" if it was "retrieved directly from the college or university in print form."

This type of work is considered "published" if it was retrieved online from a database (such as ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global), university archives (also known as institutional repository), or personal webpage (Section 10.6).

For Published works, include

publication number (if applicable)
type of work & institution name in square brackets [  ]
name of source holding online work
and for works published online but not in a database: URL

 

Published Doctoral dissertation acquired online from a database

  • Puncochar, J. M. (1996). Confidence in individual and group decision-making: When two heads are worse than one (Publication No. 9702816) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Puncochar, 1996)
    Narrative: Puncochar (1996) 
    Direct quote: (Puncochar, 1996, p. 25)

 

Published Doctoral dissertation acquired online not from a database, but from an an institutional repository (sometimes referred to as a Commons, or may have ETD/handle in url). Provide name of repository.

  • Naylor, S. M. (2007). Understanding graduate student constructs for finding meaning in the advising experience: A qualitative case study of incoming master's of social work students [Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina Greensboro]. NC Docs. http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/umi-uncg-1429.pdf

    How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: (Naylor, 2007)
    Narrative: Naylor (2007)
    Direct quote: (Naylor, 2007, p. 36)

 

Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, acquired in print form [forthcoming]



  • How to cite this work in-text:
    Parenthetical: 
    Narrative: 
    Direct quote: 

 

The APA Manual 7th ed. indicates that personal communications include letters, memos, telephone conversations, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), etc. Basically, "works that cannot be recovered by readers" (Section 8.9, p. 260). 

In the new edition, there is extensive discussion about citing "Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples" (pp. 260-261).

Personal communications do not appear in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows:

     Narrative citation: J. Campbell (personal communication, October 13, 2019). 

     Parenthetical citation: (L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, 2004).

Creating References in APA Style 7th edition (Publication Manual, 7th Edition, 2020) 

Created by Professor Mike Strahan
Updated 1/16/2020

Found the following work while searching one of the Library databases, and retrieved online through direct subscription with publisher.

Floor Effects Associated With Universal Screening and Their Impact on the Early Identification of Reading Disabilities
Hugh W. Catts, Yaacov Petscher, Christopher Schatschneider, Mindy Sittner Bridges and Katherin Mendoza
Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 42, No. 2, 163-176 (2009). doi:10.1177/0022219408326219

 

APA Reference entry 7th edition. DOI assigned. Must include issue number when provided.

Catts, H. W., Petscher, Y., Schatschneider, C., Bridges, M. S., & Mendoza, K. (2009).

          Floor effects associated with universal screening and their impact on the early

          identification of reading disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(2), 163-176. 

          https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219408326219

 

When using 7th edition style, here is how to cite in-text:

Parenthetical: (Catts et al., 2009)

Narrative: Catts et al. (2009)

Direct quote: (Catts et al., 2009, p. 163)

 

Explanation of APA reference components

 

Reference
Section
APA format & notes
Author

Use last name, first and middle initials. For works with one author, list it. For works with two authors, list both and separate by an ampersand ( & ).

New for 7th edition: For works with 3 thru 20 authors, list all of them, and add an ampersand (&) before the last author. For works with 21 or more authors list first 19, an ellipse (three dots ... ) then last author. These are major changes from APA Style 6th edition guidelines.

Publication Year For journal articles, only provide the year. For magazine articles, include year followed by month. For example: (2008, June). For newspaper articles, provide: year, month, and day (2008, July 10).
Article Title Only capitalize first letter of first word for title and subtitle. Also capitalize proper names, acronyms, & abbreviations. Unlike MLA, no quotation marks.
Journal Title Capitalize all words except articles. Entire title in italics.
Volume Number

Italics

If the publication year is also used for the volume number, provide that year in the volume position of the reference.

Issue Number

New for 7th edition: When issue number is provided, it must be included in the reference.

Page Numbers

Include all page numbers where article appears. Do not use sloppy format, such as 163-76; instead write complete range: 163-176.

New for 7th edition: If journal is published online-only and articles  are numbered or assigned an eLocator, provide that number preceded by the word: Article

Examples:

Article 55

Article e4567

DOI - Digital Object Identifier

Unique number assigned to primarily journal articles, and some 
e-books and e-book chapters.

Note that not all articles are assigned a DOI, especially popular magazine and newspaper articles. The DOI always begins with 10 followed by a period and four digits and a slash. Example: 10.1177/

Remaining part of identifier may be all numbers, all letters, or combination of letters and numbers.

APA style 7th edition continues with the following format of the DOI to begin with https://doi.org/ 
followed by the assigned DOI. 

Example: https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2017.1391324

Researchers & students are expected to follow the current standard format for the DOI in their APA references.

 

MLA Style to APA Style References (7th Edition)

Creating References
Transitioning from MLA Style (Handbook, 9th ed., 2021)
to
APA Style 7th edition (Publication Manual, 7th ed., 2020) 

Created by Prof. Mike Strahan
Updated 3/7/2022

Found the following work while searching one of the Library databases, and retrieved online through direct subscription with publisher.

Floor Effects Associated With Universal Screening and Their Impact on the Early Identification of Reading Disabilities
Hugh W. Catts, Yaacov Petscher, Christopher Schatschneider, Mindy Sittner Bridges and Katherin Mendoza
Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 42, No. 2, 163-176 (2009). doi:10.1177/0022219408326219
 

MLA Works Cited entry (retrieved from publisher web site):

Catts, Hugh W., Yaacov Petscher, Christopher Schatschneider, Mindy Sittner Bridges 

          and Katherin Mendoza. "Floor Effects Associated With Universal Screening and

          Their Impact on the Early Identification of Reading Disabilities." Journal of Learning

          Disabilities, vol. 42, no. 2, Mar./Apr. 2009, pp. 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219408326219. 

[Note that if we had found the full-text of this article in an online database, the name of the database
in italics would be inserted between the page numbers and DOI.]
 

APA Reference entry 7th edition. DOI assigned. Must include issue number when provided:

Catts, H. W., Petscher, Y., Schatschneider, C., Bridges, M. S., & Mendoza, K. (2009).

          Floor effects associated with universal screening and their impact on the early

          identification of reading disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(2), 163-176. 

          https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219408326219

 

When using 7th edition style, here is how to cite in-text:

Parenthetical: (Catts et al., 2009)

Narrative: Catts et al. (2009)

Direct quote: (Catts et al., 2009, p. 163)

 

Explanation of APA reference components

 

Reference
Section
APA format & notes
Author

Use last name, first and middle initials. For works with one author, list it. For works with two authors, list both and separate by an ampersand ( & ).

New for 7th edition: For works with 3 thru 20 authors, list all of them, and add an ampersand (&) before the last author. For works with 21 or more authors list first 19, an ellipse (three dots ... ) then last author. These are major changes from APA Style 6th edition guidelines.

Publication Year For journal articles, only provide the year. For magazine articles, include year followed by month. For example: (2008, June). For newspaper articles, provide: year, month, and day (2008, July 10).
Article Title Only capitalize first letter of first word for title and subtitle. Also capitalize proper names, acronyms, & abbreviations. Unlike MLA, no quotation marks.
Journal Title Capitalize all words except articles. Entire title in italics.
Volume Number

Italics

If the publication year is also used for the volume number, provide that year in the volume position of the reference.

Issue Number

New for 7th edition: When issue number is provided, it must be included in the reference.

Page Numbers

Include all page numbers where article appears. Do not use sloppy format, such as 163-76; instead write complete range: 163-176.

New for 7th edition: If journal is published online-only and articles  are numbered or assigned an eLocator, provide that number preceded by the word: Article

Examples:

Article 55

Article e4567

DOI - Digital Object Identifier

Unique number assigned to primarily journal articles, and some 
e-books and e-book chapters.

Note that not all articles are assigned a DOI, especially popular magazine and newspaper articles. The DOI always begins with 10 followed by a period and four digits and a slash. Example: 10.1177/

Remaining part of identifier may be all numbers, all letters, or combination of letters and numbers.

APA style 7th edition continues with the following format of the DOI to begin with https://doi.org/ 
followed by the assigned DOI. 

Example: https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2017.1391324

Researchers & students are expected to follow the current standard format for the DOI in their APA references.

 

APA Style 7th edition: How to insert page numbers, & running head with prefix "Running head" (instructor preference) (2020; HD) (3:23)
Note: If you are using APA style 7th edition and your instructor prefers that the words "Running head" are not included, please ignore that portion of the video.

APA Style 7th edition: Articles assigned a DOI (2020; HD) (6:00)
Shows how to reference & cite in-text articles assigned a DOI (digital object identifier). Includes print, online, & online-only journal article examples.

APA style 7th edition: Articles not assigned a DOI (2020; HD) (6:55)
Shows how to reference & cite in-text articles which were NOT assigned a DOI (digital object identifier). Includes articles retrieved from most academic research databases or print version.

APA Style 7th edition: Books (2020; HD) (6:03)
Shows how to reference & cite in-text books. Includes print, online, assigned a DOI, and ebook accessed directly from the publisher (textbook example).

APA Style 7th edition: Course Materials (2020; HD) (3:01)
Shows how to reference & cite in-text course materials.

APA Style 7th edition: Webpages (2020; HD) (4:16)
shows how to reference & cite in-text webpages. Includes authored by individual, organization, & government agencies.

APA Style 7th edition: Video materials (2020; HD) (3:42)
Shows how to reference & cite in-text videos. Includes YouTube & films on DVD.

APA Style 7th edition Comprehensive version of above videos (2020; SD) (20:33) [HD version forthcoming]
Shows how to format various types of journal articles, books, webpages, videos, and course materials.

APA Style 7th edition: How to locate & reference an ebook through NMU Library (SD) (9:18)
Shows how to access an ebook through NMU Library and then create a reference & in-text citation using APA style 7th edition.

APA Style 7th edition: How-to reference articles with DOIs (comprehensive)
This video shows how to format various types of journal articles assigned a DOI, and how to format in-text citations for each of these. Examples include articles with two individual authors, three thru 20 authors, 21 or greater authors, articles published in online-only journals which use article/document/eLocator number in place of page numbers, journals which use publication year as volume number, individuals with organizations as authors, articles retrieved from Cochrane database, and articles published in advance of print.

APA Style 7th edition: How-to reference books (comprehensive)
This video shows how to format various types of books without DOIs; with assigned DOIs; textbooks accessed directly from the publisher; with authors; with editors; authored chapters in edited books; authored chapters in books created by authors; contributors who wrote chapters; and where author and publisher are the same.

Basic In-text citation styles

 

From Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed., p. 266), by the American Psychological Association, 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000). Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission.

Please see tabs indicating "7th ed." for Manual Introduction and Instructional Aids for transitioning to new style as reflected in the Manual.

In March 2020 APA created a summary of the major changes between the 6th edition & 7th edition styles: https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/whats-new-7e-guide.pdf

For additional changes, please consult the Manual.

Note: Enforcement of APA style is up to course instructor or publication editor/reviewer. The student or professional researcher is responsible for preparing content which complies with APA style.

Notes on Spacing of reference entries: APA style 7th edition references remain as hanging indent & double-spaced entries (one blank line between lines of text). There is not an extra blank line between the line at the top entitled References and the first entry. Also, there is not an extra blank line between reference entries.

Note on space between sentences: Throughout entire paper/manuscript (not just references anymore), there is only one space between end of sentence punctuation and beginning of next sentence.

General notable changes in reference formats

1. Works with 1-20 authors: List all authors.

2. Works with 21 or more authors: List first 19, an ellipse, then the last author.

3. All titles of sources in references (except legal references) are italicized. This includes journal name, book title, webpage title, etc. Only for legal references are in-text citations italicized. 

4. Place of publication is no longer included in book & report references. However, publisher is still required. 

5. DOIs and URLs now appear as hyperlinks, beginning with either https:// or http://  and--depending on the word processor--may be underlined & in blue font. APA also allows these as plain black text not underlined. 

As such, APA now accepts either https:// or http:// as correct format.

6. New format for the assigned DOI

In APA 7th edition, the format of the DOI begins with either https://doi.org/xxxx 
or http://doi.org/xxxx 
where xxxx refers to the DOI number.

Although the format of the DOI has changed over time, for example beginning with https://dx.doi.org/ or even doi: or DOI: before the number, researchers are advised to use the APA 7th edition format standard of beginning the DOI entry as: https://doi.org/  
or http://doi.org/

Remember: you are applying APA style rules to the source, not changing APA style format according to what the source indicates/suggests.

See Manual, Section 9.35, pp. 299-300 for further details.

Examples on this guide now reflect what normally appears in word processing applications, namely blue font & underline.

7. Allow word processors to automatically split DOIs and URLs between lines, or place them on the next line leaving a partial line above.

8. APA 7th edition now allows for DOI or URL Shorteners (Section 9.36. p. 300). To create these, use the APA-recommended International DOI Foundation < http://shortdoi.org >, or the variety of URL shorteners available.  
However, examples on this guide will not employ shortened DOIs/URLs.

For one article:

  1. Check the first page of article (usually in smaller print near journal logo, copyright, or near author email address).
  2. If not on article, check database record/abstract (sometimes labeled as DOI). CINAHL began adding DOIs in 2009.
  3. If DOI does not appear on either article or in database, search the Cross/Ref DOI Lookup using article author/title


Have a list of references? Copy & paste them here:

       Go to Simple Text Query Form and copy & paste entire reference list into box. Click submit.


An individual DOI may be verified/searched:
Resolve a DOI name

Numbers Expressed in Numerals (including % and grades) (rev. October 2020)

See APA Manual, 7th ed., Chapter 6, Sections 6.22-6.48 (pp. 178-188) for further details.

Definition of, group author, & Latin abbreviations

See APA Manual, 7th ed., Chapter 6, Sections 6.21-6.31 (pp. 172-177) for further details.

HANDOUTS AND GUIDES FOR 7TH EDITION

The following are instructional aids for the seventh edition Publication Manual. They can be used in homes, classrooms, libraries, or anywhere you are learning or teaching APA Style. 

Sample Figures (includes labels, notes/captions, & copyright statement of sources)

Sample Papers (student & professional) 

 

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